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The Modern English-ing ending, which is used to form both gerunds and present participles of verbs (i.e. in noun and adjective uses), derives from two different historical suffixes. The gerund (noun) use comes from Middle English -ing , which is from Old English -ing , -ung (suffixes forming nouns from verbs).
Usually, in borrowing words from Latin, the endings of the nominative are used: nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a (first declension) have plurals in -ae (anima, animae); nouns whose nominative singular ends in -um (second declension neuter) have plurals in -a (stadium, stadia; datum, data). (For a full treatment, see Latin declensions.)
In standard English, the phonetic realization of the two dental fricative phonemes shows less variation than many other English consonants. Both are pronounced either interdentally, with the blade of the tongue resting against the lower part of the back of the upper teeth and the tip protruding slightly, or with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth.
Feminine nouns ending in -ia or -ea, e.g. Mária → na Márii, Andrea → v Andrei; Neuter nouns ending in -e or -ie, e.g. srdce → pri srdci-í used for neuter nouns ending in -ie, e.g. vysvedčenie → na vysvedčení-ovi used for masculine animate nouns, e.g. chlap → o chlapovi, hrdina → po hrdinovi
Th-fronting is the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v". When th-fronting is applied, becomes or (for example, three is pronounced like free) and becomes or (for example, further is pronounced like fervour). (Here "fronting" refers to the position in the mouth where the sound is produced, not the position of the sound in the word ...
A phonological manifestation of a category value (for example, a word ending that marks "number" on a noun) is sometimes called an exponent. Grammatical relations define relationships between words and phrases with certain parts of speech, depending on their position in the syntactic tree.
The possessive form of an English noun, or more generally a noun phrase, is made by suffixing a morpheme which is represented orthographically as ' s (the letter s preceded by an apostrophe), and is pronounced in the same way as the regular English plural ending (e)s: namely, as / ɪ z / when following a sibilant sound (/ s /, / z /, / ʃ /, / ʒ /, / tʃ / or / dʒ /), as / s / when following ...
Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns often have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or (amor, amōris, 'love'). Many feminine nouns end in -īx (phoenīx, phoenīcis, 'phoenix'), and many neuter nouns end in -us with an r stem in the oblique cases (onus, oneris 'burden'; tempus, temporis ...