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A 2023 scoping review of the literature found that in studies conducted in multiracial or multiethnic populations, the inclusion of race or ethnicity variables lacked thoughtful conceptualization and informative analysis regarding race or ethnicity as indicators of exposure to racialized social disadvantage, the systemic and structural barriers ...
Unequal threat of heat stress in urban environments is often correlated with differences in demographics, including racial and ethnic background, income, education level, and age. [1] While the general impacts of urban heat inequity depend on the city studied, negative effects typically act on historically marginalized communities. [ 1 ]
U.S. ethnic groups can exhibit substantial average differences in disease incidence, disease severity, disease progression, and response to treatment. [31] African Americans have higher rates of mortality than does any other racial or ethnic group for 8 of the top 10 causes of death. [32]
The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of systemic racism , like residential segregation and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups.
The International Society on Hypertension in Blacks (abbreviated ISHIB) [1] is a non-profit medical society based in Atlanta, United States which is dedicated to improving the health of racial and ethnic minority groups worldwide.
Poor health outcomes appear to be an effect of economic inequality across a population. Nations and regions with greater economic inequality show poorer outcomes in life expectancy, [31]: Figure 1.1 mental health, [31]: Figure 5.1 drug abuse, [31]: Figure 5.3 obesity, [31]: Figure 7.1 educational performance, teenage birthrates, and ill health due to violence.
Hypertension is slightly more frequent in men. [10] In people aged under 50 years, more men than women have hypertension, [10] and in ages above 50 years the prevalence of hypertension is the same in men and women. [10] In ages above 65 years, more women than men have hypertension. [7] Hypertension becomes more common with age. [5]
These include socio-demographic factors (such as age, ethnicity, marital status, and education), systematic barriers, and barriers based on lack of knowledge, attitudes and life-styles. [18] Several studies show the complex associations between poverty and education , employment , teen births, and the health of the mother and child.