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Intel 5-level paging, referred to simply as 5-level paging in Intel documents, is a processor extension for the x86-64 line of processors. [1]: 11 It extends the size of virtual addresses from 48 bits to 57 bits by adding an additional level to x86-64's multilevel page tables, increasing the addressable virtual memory from 256 TiB to 128 PiB.
This means that 48 bits of virtual page number are translated, giving a virtual address space of up to 256 TB. For some processors, a mode can be enabled with a fifth table, the 512-entry page-map level 5 table; this means that 57 bits of virtual page number are translated, giving a virtual address space of up to 128 PB.
In computing, protected mode, also called protected virtual address mode, [1] is an operational mode of x86-compatible central processing units (CPUs). It allows system software to use features such as segmentation, virtual memory, paging and safe multi-tasking designed to increase an operating system's control over application software.
In the Intel white paper (reference 1) I cannot allocate a page where it says that the highest bits must be sign extended. This is probably a result of good rewording, can the page number be added? In the IA-32 Architectures manual, I seem to be too stupid to reach the indicated pages---I guess it is in one of the documents linked on that page.
The NDIS is a library of functions often referred to as a "wrapper" that hides the underlying complexity of the NIC hardware and serves as a standard interface for level 3 network protocol drivers and hardware level MAC drivers.
See Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual. 23: CET: Control-flow Enforcement Technology: If set, enables control-flow enforcement technology. [16]: 2–19 24: PKS: Enable Protection Keys for Supervisor-Mode Pages: If set, each supervisor-mode linear address is associated with a protection key when 4-level or 5-level ...
It is also helpful to use large pages in the host page tables to reduce the number of levels (e.g., in x86-64, using 2 MB pages removes one level in the page table). Since memory is typically allocated to virtual machines at coarse granularity, using large pages for guest-physical translation is an obvious optimization, reducing the depth of ...
The IBM PC (BIOS and MS-DOS runtime) does not follow the official Intel layout beyond the first five exception vectors implemented in the original 8086. Interrupt 5 is already used for handling the Print Screen key, IRQ 0-7 is mapped to INT_NUM 0x08-0x0F, and BIOS is using most of the vectors in the 0x10-0x1F range as part of its API.