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Pomalidomide, sold under the brand names Pomalyst and Imnovid, [7] [8] is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of multiple myeloma and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. [ 7 ] Pomalidomide was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2013, [ 10 ] and in the European Union in August 2013. [ 8 ]
The causes of POCD are not understood. It does not appear to be caused by lack of oxygen or impaired blood flow to the brain [3] and is equally likely under regional and general anesthesia. [2] [4] The cause of postoperative cognitive dysfunction are not clear.
The thalidomide molecule is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid and consists of a glutarimide ring and a phthaloyl ring (Figure 5). [15] [16] Its IUPAC name is 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindole-1,3-dione and it has one chiral center [15] After thalidomide's selective inhibition of TNF-α had been reported, a renewed effort was put in thalidomide's clinical development.
However, in the three-year study, both groups of breast cancer survivors were observed to have similar gray and white matter volumes. Altered brain structure in chemotherapy patients provides explanation for cognitive impairment. [12] Another study in 2007 investigated the differences in brain structure between two adult, monozygotic twin females.
ARIA-E refers to cerebral edema, involving the breakdown of the tight endothelial junctions of the blood-brain barrier and subsequent accumulation of fluid. [3] In a double-blind trial of the humanised monoclonal antibody solanezumab (n = 2042), sixteen patients (11 taking the drug, 5 taking a placebo), or 0.78% developed ARIA-E.
An altered level of consciousness can result from a variety of factors, including alterations in the chemical environment of the brain (e.g. exposure to poisons or intoxicants), insufficient oxygen or blood flow in the brain, and excessive pressure within the skull. Prolonged unconsciousness is understood to be a sign of a medical emergency. [3]
For people with brain tumors, radiation can be an effective treatment because chemotherapy is often less effective due to the blood–brain barrier. [ citation needed ] Unfortunately for some patients, as time passes, people who received radiation therapy may begin experiencing deficits in their learning, memory, and spatial information ...
AEIOU-TIPS is a mnemonic acronym used by some medical professionals to recall the possible causes for altered mental status.Medical literature discusses its utility in determining differential diagnoses in various special populations presenting with altered mental status including infants, [1] children, [2] adolescents, [3] and the elderly. [4]