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In elementary algebra, completing the square is a technique for converting a quadratic polynomial of the form + + to the form + for some values of and . [1] In terms of a new quantity x − h {\displaystyle x-h} , this expression is a quadratic polynomial with no linear term.
This polynomial is further reduced to = + + which is shown in blue and yields a zero of −5. The final root of the original polynomial may be found by either using the final zero as an initial guess for Newton's method, or by reducing () and solving the linear equation. As can be seen, the expected roots of −8, −5, −3, 2, 3, and 7 were ...
When there is only one variable, polynomial equations have the form P(x) = 0, where P is a polynomial, and linear equations have the form ax + b = 0, where a and b are parameters. To solve equations from either family, one uses algorithmic or geometric techniques that originate from linear algebra or mathematical analysis.
In mathematics, the method of equating the coefficients is a way of solving a functional equation of two expressions such as polynomials for a number of unknown parameters. It relies on the fact that two expressions are identical precisely when corresponding coefficients are equal for each different type of term.
The polynomial x − x p has derivative 1 − p x p−1 which is 1 (because px is 0) but it has no inverse function. However, Kossivi Adjamagbo [ ht ] suggested extending the Jacobian conjecture to characteristic p > 0 by adding the hypothesis that p does not divide the degree of the field extension k ( X ) / k ( F ) .
If the discriminant of such a polynomial is negative, then both roots of the quadratic equation have imaginary parts. In particular, if b and c are real numbers and b 2 − 4 c < 0, all the convergents of this continued fraction "solution" will be real numbers, and they cannot possibly converge to a root of the form u + iv (where v ≠ 0 ...
A polynomial-time problem can be very difficult to solve in practice if the polynomial's degree or constants are large enough. In addition, information-theoretic security provides cryptographic methods that cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power. "A large-scale quantum computer would be able to efficiently solve NP-complete problems."
The polynomial x 2 + 1 = 0 has roots ± i. Any real square matrix of odd degree has at least one real eigenvalue. For example, if the matrix is orthogonal, then 1 or −1 is an eigenvalue. The polynomial + has roots , +,, and thus can be factored as
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