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Let A be the sum of the negative values and B the sum of the positive values; the number of different possible sums is at most B-A, so the total runtime is in (()). For example, if all input values are positive and bounded by some constant C , then B is at most N C , so the time required is O ( N 2 C ) {\displaystyle O(N^{2}C)} .
For example, consider the function index, which takes a string and a substring, and returns the integer index of the substring in the main string. If the search fails, the function may be programmed to return −1 (or any other negative value), since this can never signify a successful result.
This article gives an example of a zero-sum game that has no value. It is due to Sion and Wolfe. [1] Zero-sum games with a finite number of pure strategies are known to have a minimax value (originally proved by John von Neumann) but this is not necessarily the case if the game has an infinite set of strategies. There follows a simple example ...
Signed zero is zero with an associated sign.In ordinary arithmetic, the number 0 does not have a sign, so that −0, +0 and 0 are equivalent. However, in computing, some number representations allow for the existence of two zeros, often denoted by −0 (negative zero) and +0 (positive zero), regarded as equal by the numerical comparison operations but with possible different behaviors in ...
In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".
For example, if the summands are uncorrelated random numbers with zero mean, the sum is a random walk, and the condition number will grow proportional to . On the other hand, for random inputs with nonzero mean the condition number asymptotes to a finite constant as n → ∞ {\displaystyle n\to \infty } .
The zero-sum property (if one gains, another loses) means that any result of a zero-sum situation is Pareto optimal. Generally, any game where all strategies are Pareto optimal is called a conflict game. [7] [8] Zero-sum games are a specific example of constant sum games where the sum of each outcome is always zero. [9]
The simplest checksum algorithm is the so-called longitudinal parity check, which breaks the data into "words" with a fixed number n of bits, and then computes the bitwise exclusive or (XOR) of all those words. The result is appended to the message as an extra word.