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Shang Yang (Chinese: 商鞅; c. 390 – 338 BC), also known as Wei Yang (Chinese: 衞鞅) and originally surnamed Gongsun, was a statesman, chancellor and reformer of the State of Qin. Arguably the "most famous and most influential statesman of the Warring States period ", [ 1 ] Gongsun was born in the Zhou vassal state of Wey , [ 2 ] migrating ...
The Qin dynasty (秦朝) was established in 221 BCE after Qin Shi Huang, King of Qin, conquered his final independent neighbour, the state of Qi.It is now recognised as the first Chinese imperial dynasty in the modern sense of the term; in recognition of this, its rulers were for the first time titled "Emperor" (皇帝), a title of which the components are drawn from legend, higher than the ...
The Qin dynasty (/ tʃ ɪ n / CHIN [3]) was the first imperial dynasty of China. It is named for its progenitor state of Qin , a fief of the confederal Zhou dynasty ( c. 1046 – 256 BC). Beginning in 230 BC, the Qin under King Ying Zheng engaged in a series of wars conquering each of the rival states that had previously pledged fealty to the Zhou.
Duke Xiao of Qin (Chinese: 秦孝公; pinyin: Qín Xiào Gōng; 381–338 BC), personal name Ying Quliang, was the ruler of the Qin state from 361 to 338 BC. Duke Xiao is best known for employing the Legalist statesman Shang Yang [1] from the Wey state and authorizing him to conduct a series of ground breaking political, military and economic reforms in Qin.
In 257 BC, the allied forces of Zhao, Wei and Chu managed to hold off Qin at the Battle of Handan, resulting in the first major defeat for Qin since Shang Yang's reforms. By the reign of King Nan of Zhou , the kings of the Zhou dynasty had lost almost all political and military power, their remaining crown territories were split into two states ...
In 298 BC, Zhao offered Qin an alliance and Lord Mengchang was driven out of Qin. The remaining three allies, Qi, Wei and Han, attacked Qin, driving up the Yellow River below Shanxi to the Hangu Pass. After 3 years of fighting they took the pass and forced Qin to return territory to Han and Wei. They next inflicted major defeats on Yan and Chu.
After Wei's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Maling in 342, Shang Yang invited the Wei general Gongzi Ang for a meeting, during which he arrested Gongzi Ang and destroyed his army. Qin went on to defeat Wei again in 339 at the Battle of Anmen and in 333 at the Battle of Diaoyin. [22] In 325, Duke Huiwen (r. 338–311 BC) declared himself king.
The Western Qin (Chinese: 西秦; pinyin: Xī Qín; 385–400, 409–431) was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Qifu clan of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms. [1] All rulers of the Western Qin declared themselves " wang ", translatable as either "king" or "prince."