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  2. Hydrogen breath test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_breath_test

    Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is not absorbed by humans. Lactulose is well known to measure oro-cecal transit time. [11] [1] [4] The mean oro-cecal transit time in normal healthy individuals is 70 to 90 minutes. [12] [13] [8] By 90 minutes, at least 50% of individuals would have delivered the lactulose dose to the colon. Approximately 90 to ...

  3. Lactulose - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactulose

    Lactulose is commonly prescribed for children who develop fear of their bowel movements and are withholders. This is because lactulose, when dosed in the proper amount, causes a bowel movement that is impossible to retain for very long. Lactulose is also used for the elderly because of its gentle and consistent results. [medical citation needed]

  4. Hypersensitive response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitive_response

    Hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism used by plants to prevent the spread of infection by microbial pathogens.HR is characterized by the rapid death of cells in the local region surrounding an infection and it serves to restrict the growth and spread of pathogens to other parts of the plant.

  5. Timeline of the evolutionary history of life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the...

    They were photosynthetic and multicellular, indicating that plants evolved much earlier than originally thought. [53] 750 Ma Beginning of animal evolution. [54] [55] 720–630 Ma Possible global glaciation [56] [57] which increased the atmospheric oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide, and was either caused by land plant evolution [58] or ...

  6. Human interactions with fungi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interactions_with_fungi

    Fungi cause the majority of plant diseases, which in turn cause serious economic losses. Sometimes, as in the Great Irish Famine of 1845–1849, fungal diseases of plants, in this case potato blight caused by Phytophthora, result in large-scale human suffering. Fungi are similarly the main cause of economic losses of timber in buildings.

  7. Photosynthetic efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency

    Thus, most plants can only use ~10% of full mid-day sunlight intensity. [6] This dramatically reduces average achieved photosynthetic efficiency in fields compared to peak laboratory results. However, real plants (as opposed to laboratory test samples) have many redundant, randomly oriented leaves.

  8. Honeydew (secretion) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)

    The plant-hopper then raises its abdomen and excretes a drop of honeydew almost right onto the snout of the gecko. [7] Honeydew can cause sooty mold on many ornamental plants. It also contaminates vehicles parked beneath trees, and can then be difficult to remove from glass and bodywork. Honeydew is also secreted by certain fungi, particularly ...

  9. Lactic acid fermentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation

    The L enantiomer of lactic acid This animation focuses on one molecule of glucose turning into pyruvate then into lactic acid. In the process there is one 6-carbon glucose molecule and 2 NAD+ molecules. 2 phosphates attach to the ends of the glucose molecule, then glucose is split into 2 3-carbon pyruvate precursors.