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In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol, typically a letter, that refers to an unspecified mathematical object. [1] [2] [3] One says colloquially that the variable represents or denotes the object, and that any valid candidate for the object is the value of the variable.
The term Variable is relevant to several contexts, and is especially important to mathematics and computer science. Scientists and engineers will often use mathematical variables in formulae and equations, such as E = mc 2; they will also have their own special uses of the term.
In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers) [5] and providing an output (which may also be a number). [5] A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable, while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable. [6]
To determine if a causal loop is reinforcing or balancing, one can start with an assumption, e.g. "Variable 1 increases" and follow the loop around.
An economic variable can be exogenous in some models and endogenous in others. In particular this can happen when one model also serves as a component of a broader model.
A mathematical object is an abstract concept arising in mathematics. [1] Typically, a mathematical object can be a value that can be assigned to a symbol, and therefore can be involved in formulas.
In mathematics, a change of variables is a basic technique used to simplify problems in which the original variables are replaced with functions of other variables. The intent is that when expressed in new variables, the problem may become simpler, or equivalent to a better understood problem.
Countable additivity of a measure : The measure of a countable disjoint union is the same as the sum of all measures of each subset.. Let be a set and a σ-algebra over . A set function from to the extended real number line is called a measure if the following conditions hold: