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Kawasaki's theorem or Kawasaki-Justin theorem: at any vertex, the sum of all the odd angles (see image) adds up to 180 degrees, as do the even. A sheet can never penetrate a fold. Paper exhibits zero Gaussian curvature at all points on its surface, and only folds naturally along lines of zero curvature. Curved surfaces that can't be flattened ...
The formula for an integration by parts is () ′ = [() ()] ′ (). Beside the boundary conditions , we notice that the first integral contains two multiplied functions, one which is integrated in the final integral ( g ′ {\displaystyle g'} becomes g {\displaystyle g} ) and one which is differentiated ( f {\displaystyle f} becomes f ...
In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total.Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
In number theory, Ramanujan's sum, usually denoted c q (n), is a function of two positive integer variables q and n defined by the formula = (,) =,where (a, q) = 1 means that a only takes on values coprime to q.
A differential equation is an equation involving an unknown function and its derivatives. In a dynamical system , a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space. The mathematical models used to describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, or the number of fish each spring in a lake are ...
If the sum is of the form = ()where ƒ is a smooth function, we could use the Euler–Maclaurin formula to convert the series into an integral, plus some corrections involving derivatives of S(x), then for large values of a you could use "stationary phase" method to calculate the integral and give an approximate evaluation of the sum.
In this respect, each outline is a navigation aid for its subject playing a similar role as a table of contents would serve in a paper encyclopedia. Outlines always have a hierarchical structure which sets them apart from other types of lists such as "Index of", "Glossary of", and "Timeline of" lists. Indexes and glossaries list articles ...
In mathematics, an empty sum, or nullary sum, [1] is a summation where the number of terms is zero. The natural way to extend non-empty sums [ 2 ] is to let the empty sum be the additive identity . Let a 1 {\displaystyle a_{1}} , a 2 {\displaystyle a_{2}} , a 3 {\displaystyle a_{3}} , ... be a sequence of numbers, and let