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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi as well, for Gurmukhi (Eastern Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be easily converted to the Devanagari script.
IPA Phonetic Transcription of English text: Online converter of English text into its phonetic transcription using International Phonetic Alphabet (British and American dialects). IPA Reader and Transcriber with Phonetic Respelling: Online IPA reader and transcriber in 20+ languages, includes pronunciation respelling.
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi, specifically Standard Punjabi, pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters .
from Hindi and Urdu: An acknowledged leader in a field, from the Mughal rulers of India like Akbar and Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal. Maharaja from Hindi and Sanskrit: A great king. Mantra from Hindi and Sanskrit: a word or phrase used in meditation. Masala from Urdu, to refer to flavoured spices of Indian origin.
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(The use of ژ is negligible in Urdu by comparison; the only common use for it is to represent the “s” sound in the English word “division.”) Indian Urdu Braille differs from other Bharati braille alphabets in having several letters borrowed from Persian, such as ⠟ for ق q (Bharati kṣ ), ⠱ for ح ḥ (Bharati jñ ), and ⠷ for ...