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There is some evidence that EMDR can be as effective as trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) for treating PTSD, though concerns have been raised about the poor quality of the underlying studies. [4] [24] In a 2021 systematic review of 13 studies, clients had mixed perceptions of the effectiveness of EMDR therapy. [33]
Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [1] [2] [3] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
Francine Shapiro (February 18, 1948 – June 16, 2019) was an American psychologist and educator who originated and developed eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a controversial form of psychotherapy for resolving the symptoms of traumatic and other disturbing life experiences.
A typical 12-session run of CPT has proven effective in treating PTSD across a variety of populations, including combat veterans, [3] [4] [5] sexual assault victims, [6] [7] [8] and refugees. [9] CPT can be provided in individual and group treatment formats and is considered one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. [10] [11]
A pilot study compared EMDR and PC for volunteers from the community who reported having a disturbing memory; some met criteria for PTSD and some did not. Ten experienced EMDR-trained therapists were briefly trained in PC, and participants were randomized to treatment condition. No significant differences between EMDR and PC were found.
Exposure therapy in PTSD involves exposing the patient to PTSD-anxiety triggering stimuli, with the aim of weakening the neural connections between triggers and trauma memories (a.k.a. desensitisation). Exposure may involve: [18] a real-life trigger ("in vivo") an imagined trigger ("imaginal") Virtual reality exposure
Greenwald was a pioneer in developing EMDR’s use with children and adolescents. He developed the Fairy Tale Model of trauma-informed treatment as well as progressive counting (PC), a trauma therapy based on the counting method. [4] In recent years, he has been pioneering intensive trauma-focused therapy in the format of full consecutive days.
A phase III study indicated that MDMA-assisted therapy represents a potential breakthrough treatment for severe PTSD that merits expedited clinical evaluation. [17] Based on this study, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA, a designation that indicates that there is preliminary evidence that an intervention might offer a substantial improvement ...