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Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. [5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. [5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.
The extent of gum disease depends a lot on host susceptibility. [9] Daily brushing must include brushing of both the teeth and gums. Effective brushing itself, will prevent progression of both tooth decay and gum diseases. Neutralising acids after eating and at least twice a day brushing with fluoridated toothpaste will assist preventing dental ...
Glasses prescribed to correct presbyopia may be simple reading glasses, bifocals, trifocals, or progressive lenses. [4] People over 40 are at risk for developing presbyopia and all people become affected to some degree. [1] An estimated 25% of people (1.8 billion globally) had presbyopia as of 2015. [3]
Traditionally teeth are shaved down to make room for the crown but, more recently, stainless steel crowns have been used to seal decay into the tooth and stop it progressing. This is known as the Hall Technique and works by depriving the bacteria in the decay of nutrients and making their environment less favorable for them.
As of 2013, periodontal disease accounted for 70.8% of teeth lost in patients with the disease in South Korea. [12] Periodontal disease is the second most common cause of tooth loss (second to dental caries) in Scotland. [13] Twice-daily brushing and flossing are a way to help prevent periodontal diseases. [14]
A balanced diet is an important contributing factor towards oral health and general health. It is common knowledge that certain dietary habits contribute to disease, whether patients take note of advice which is given to them and change their diet as a result, is less certain. [27]
Dental plaque is a biofilm that attaches to tooth surfaces, restorations and prosthetic appliances (including dentures and bridges) if left undisturbed.Understanding the formation, composition and characteristics of plaque helps in its control. [6]