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  2. Fluorine compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_compounds

    The bond energy is significantly weaker than those of Cl 2 or Br 2 molecules and similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines. [8] The covalent radius of fluorine of about 71 picometers found in F 2 molecules is significantly larger than that in other compounds because of this weak ...

  3. Ice rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rules

    In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice I h. [3] For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals). A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in ...

  4. Fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine

    Fluorine atoms have nine electrons, one fewer than neon, and electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5: two electrons in a filled inner shell and seven in an outer shell requiring one more to be filled. The outer electrons are ineffective at nuclear shielding , and experience a high effective nuclear charge of 9 − 2 = 7; this affects the atom's ...

  5. Solvation shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation_shell

    A classic example is when water molecules arrange around a metal ion. If the metal ion is a cation, the electronegative oxygen atom of the water molecule would be attracted electrostatically to the positive charge on the metal ion. The result is a solvation shell of water molecules that surround the ion.

  6. Clathrate hydrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate

    Methane clathrate block embedded in the sediment of hydrate ridge, off Oregon, USA. Clathrate hydrates, or gas hydrates, clathrates, or hydrates, are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules (typically gases) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules.

  7. Phases of ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice

    Water molecules in ice I h are surrounded by four semi-randomly directed hydrogen bonds. Such arrangements should change to the more ordered arrangement of hydrogen bonds found in ice XI at low temperatures, so long as localized proton hopping is sufficiently enabled; a process that becomes easier with increasing pressure. [105]

  8. Covalent radius of fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_radius_of_fluorine

    Contour plots of the electron density distribution were then drawn, which were used to evaluate the bond length of fluorine to other molecules. The authors found that the length of X-F bonds decrease as the product of the charges on A and F increases. Furthermore, the X-F bond length decreases with a decreasing coordination number n.

  9. Dioxygen difluoride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride

    The O−O bond length is within 2 pm of the 120.7 pm distance for the O=O double bond in the dioxygen molecule, O 2 . Several bonding systems have been proposed to explain this, including an O−O triple bond with O−F single bonds destabilised and lengthened by repulsion between the lone pairs on the fluorine atoms and the π orbitals of the ...

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