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In stochastic calculus, the Doléans-Dade exponential or stochastic exponential of a semimartingale X is the unique strong solution of the stochastic differential equation =, =, where denotes the process of left limits, i.e., =.
In mathematical finance, the asset S t that underlies a financial derivative is typically assumed to follow a stochastic differential equation of the form = +, under the risk neutral measure, where is the instantaneous risk free rate, giving an average local direction to the dynamics, and is a Wiener process, representing the inflow of randomness into the dynamics.
In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]
Defining equation (physical chemistry) List of electromagnetism equations; List of equations in classical mechanics; List of equations in gravitation; List of equations in nuclear and particle physics; List of equations in quantum mechanics; List of photonics equations; List of relativistic equations; Table of thermodynamic equations
Operating leverage can also be measured in terms of change in operating income for a given change in sales (revenue).. The Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) can be computed in a number of equivalent ways; one way it is defined as the ratio of the percentage change in Operating Income for a given percentage change in Sales (Brigham 1995, p. 426):
The DCL and ICL plants effectively complemented each other rather than competed. The reason for this is that coal hydrogenation yields high quality gasoline for aviation and motors, while FT synthesis chiefly produced high-quality diesel, lubrication oil, and waxes together with some smaller amounts of lower-quality motor gasoline.
The ERF method of finding a particular solution of a non-homogeneous differential equation is applicable if the non-homogeneous equation is or could be transformed to form () = + + +; where , are real or complex numbers and () is homogeneous linear differential equation of any order. Then, the exponential response formula can be applied to each ...
Comparing equations (iii) & (vii) and (iv) & (viii) we notice that due to continuity at point B, = and =. The above observation implies that for the two regions considered, though the equation for bending moment and hence for the curvature are different, the constants of integration got during successive integration of the equation for ...