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The effects of lateral spreading (River Road in Christchurch following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake) Damage in Brooklands from the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, where buoyancy caused by soil liquefaction pushed up an underground service including this manhole. The effects of soil liquefaction on the built environment can be extremely damaging.
An example of this is during the 1989 earthquake in San Francisco when sand boils brought up debris from the 1906 earthquake. This process is a result of liquefaction. By mapping the location of sand boils that erupted in the Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, scientists discovered the site of a lagoon that existed in 1906.
Shaking during the earthquake caused liquefaction with instantaneous compaction and formation of many sand volcanoes. [2] [4] Maps of areas of subsidence and sand volcanoes were found to match closely with old maps of the position of former river channels. Subsidence of up to 140 cm was measured over wide areas associated with the liquefaction.
In other areas liquefaction, sand boils, landslides, and soil slumping occurred. [19] Liquefaction was also determined to be a main contributor to increased stream flows. With multiple stream gauges collecting data before and after the earthquake there was a regular pattern of higher increased stream flow around areas where liquefaction ...
In the 1989 earthquake, the water-saturated unconsolidated mud, sand, and rubble suffered liquefaction, and the earthquake's vertical shock waves rippled the ground more severely. [ 50 ] At the intersection of Beach and Divisadero Streets in San Francisco, a natural gas main rupture caused a major structure fire .
Coseismic liquefaction induced by one of the 2012 Emilia, Northern Italy, earthquakes. Secondary effects: mostly this is the intensity of the ground shaking (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, etc.). The importance of a tool to measure earthquake Intensity was already outlined early in the 1990s. [2]
The Hokuriku region was struck by a magnitude-7.6 earthquake on January 1, 2024, an event that hit the Noto Peninsula the hardest, triggering a tsunami, fires, widespread soil liquefaction, and ...
Earthquakes result in various effects, such as ground shaking and soil liquefaction, leading to significant damage and loss of life. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can trigger landslides.