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The analysis of lossless lines provides an accurate approximation for real transmission lines that simplifies the mathematics considered in modeling transmission lines. A lossless line is defined as a transmission line that has no line resistance and no dielectric loss. This would imply that the conductors act like perfect conductors and the ...
They were developed by Oliver Heaviside who created the transmission line model, and are based on Maxwell's equations. Schematic representation of the elementary component of a transmission line. The transmission line model is an example of the distributed-element model. It represents the transmission line as an infinite series of two-port ...
The primary coefficients are the physical properties of the line, namely R,C,L and G, from which the secondary coefficients may be derived using the telegrapher's equation. In the field of transmission lines, the term transmission coefficient has a different meaning despite the similarity of name: it is the companion of the reflection coefficient .
The telegrapher's equations then describe the relationship between the voltage V and the current I along the transmission line, each of which is a function of position x and time t: = (,) = (,) The equations themselves consist of a pair of coupled, first-order, partial differential equations. The first equation shows that the induced voltage is ...
In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]
Heaviside's model of a transmission line. A transmission line can be represented as a distributed-element model of its primary line constants as shown in the figure. The primary constants are the electrical properties of the cable per unit length and are: capacitance C (in farads per meter), inductance L (in henries per meter), series resistance R (in ohms per meter), and shunt conductance G ...
A wave travelling rightward along a lossless transmission line. Black dots represent electrons, and arrows show the electric field. The lossless line approximation is the least accurate model; it is often used on short lines when the inductance of the line is much greater than its resistance. For this approximation, the voltage and current are ...
The transmission system usually does not have a large buffering capability to match loads with generation. Thus generation has to be kept matched to the load, to prevent overloading generation equipment. Multiple sources and loads can be connected to the transmission system and they must be controlled to provide orderly transfer of power.