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Cardiac index is a critical parameter in evaluating cardiac performance and the adequacy of tissue perfusion. In healthy adults, the normal range of cardiac index is generally between 2.6 to 4.2 L/min/m². Values below this range may indicate hypoperfusion and are often seen in conditions such as heart failure, hypovolemia, and cardiogenic shock.
A child aged 1–3 years old can have a heart rate of 80–130 bpm, a child aged 3–5 years old a heart rate of 80–120 bpm, an older child (age of 6–10) a heart rate of 70–110 bpm, and an adolescent (age 11–14) a heart rate of 60–105 bpm. [12] An adult (age 15+) can have a heart rate of 60–100 bpm. [12]
The Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) is an assessment tool used to evaluate the functional capacity of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. [1] In clinical practice, DASI can be used to assess the effects of medical treatments and cardiac rehabilitation as well. [2]
A medical monitoring device displaying a normal human heart rate. Heart rate is the frequency of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute (beats per minute, or bpm). The heart rate varies according to the body's physical needs, including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide.
This stress response can be induced through physical exercise (usually a treadmill) or intravenous pharmacological stimulation of heart rate. [1] As the heart works progressively harder (stressed) it is monitored using an electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor. This measures the heart's electrical rhythms and broader electrophysiology. Pulse rate ...
Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...
Heart rate variability visualized with R-R interval changes Electrocardiogram (ECG) recording of a canine heart that illustrates beat-to-beat variability in R–R interval (top) and heart rate (bottom). Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heartbeats. It is measured by the ...
Moderate intensity exercise is defined as exercise that increases heart rate to 55-74% of maximum heart rate. [42] High intensity exercise increasing the heart rate to 70-100% of maximum heart rate for shorter intervals is at least as effective, and this type of exercise may increase oxygen uptake by the heart compared to moderate intensity ...