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  2. Finite difference method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_difference_method

    For example, consider the ordinary differential equation ′ = + The Euler method for solving this equation uses the finite difference quotient (+) ′ to approximate the differential equation by first substituting it for u'(x) then applying a little algebra (multiplying both sides by h, and then adding u(x) to both sides) to get (+) + (() +).

  3. Newton's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

    This can be seen in the following tables, the left of which shows Newton's method applied to the above f(x) = x + x 4/3 and the right of which shows Newton's method applied to f(x) = x + x 2. The quadratic convergence in iteration shown on the right is illustrated by the orders of magnitude in the distance from the iterate to the true root (0,1 ...

  4. Functional equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_equation

    For example, the gamma function is a function that satisfies the functional equation (+) = and the initial value () = There are many functions that satisfy these conditions, but the gamma function is the unique one that is meromorphic in the whole complex plane, and logarithmically convex for x real and positive ( Bohr–Mollerup theorem ).

  5. Function composition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition

    To avoid ambiguity, some mathematicians [citation needed] choose to use ∘ to denote the compositional meaning, writing f ∘n (x) for the n-th iterate of the function f(x), as in, for example, f ∘3 (x) meaning f(f(f(x))). For the same purpose, f [n] (x) was used by Benjamin Peirce [15] [12] whereas Alfred Pringsheim and Jules Molk suggested ...

  6. Function (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)

    In this case, an element x of the domain is represented by an interval of the x-axis, and the corresponding value of the function, f(x), is represented by a rectangle whose base is the interval corresponding to x and whose height is f(x) (possibly negative, in which case the bar extends below the x-axis).

  7. Decision problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_problem

    A function problem consists of a partial function f; the informal "problem" is to compute the values of f on the inputs for which it is defined. Every function problem can be turned into a decision problem; the decision problem is just the graph of the associated function. (The graph of a function f is the set of pairs (x,y) such that f(x) = y ...

  8. Equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation

    A difference equation is an equation where the unknown is a function f that occurs in the equation through f(x), f(x−1), ..., f(x−k), for some whole integer k called the order of the equation. If x is restricted to be an integer, a difference equation is the same as a recurrence relation

  9. Closed-form expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-form_expression

    The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).