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Figure 1.0 - Basic anatomical features of the human eye. Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
to correct refractive errors of the eye; not invasive Contact lenses: to correct refractive errors of the eye; a little invasive Phoropter: used in refraction testing Tonometers: used to determine the intraoccular pressure (IOP) - useful in glaucoma; video link for various types of tonometers. Speculum: to keep the eyes open during any operation
The first drug to reduce IOP, pilocarpine, was introduced in the 1870s; other major innovations in pharmacological glaucoma therapy were the introduction of beta blocker eye drops in the 1970s and of prostaglandin analogues and topical (locally administered) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the mid-1990s. Early surgical techniques like ...
Onset of effects with the drops is typically within an hour and lasts for up to a day. [1] By mouth it is used for dry mouth as a result of Sjögren syndrome or radiation therapy. [9] Common side effects of the eye drops include irritation of the eye, increased tearing, headache, and blurry vision. [1]
Twice daily in right eye 26 weeks 1.0% No mortality at all doses. After ocular administration, symptoms included hypermia of the bulbar and papebral conjunctiva, white spots in the lens. Dogs Once a day in right eye and orally 13 weeks 2.0% in eye, 7.5 mg/kg/day by mouth No mortality observed. Monkey Once a day in right eye 52 weeks 2.0%
Dorzolamide, sold under the brand name Trusopt among others, is a medication used to treat high pressure inside the eye, including in cases of glaucoma. [3] It is used as an eye drop. [3] Effects begin within three hours and last for at least eight hours. [3] It is also available as the combination dorzolamide/timolol. [3] [4]
Dipivefrine, or dipivefrin, also known as epinephrine pivalate and sold under the brand name Propine among others, is a sympathomimetic medication which is used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. [2] [3] It is available as a 0.1% ophthalmic solution . [1] [4] Side effects of dipivefrine
Travoprost, sold under the brand name Travatan among others, is a medication used to treat high pressure inside the eye including glaucoma. [4] Specifically it is used for open angle glaucoma when other agents are not sufficient. [5] [4] It is used as an eye drop. [4] Effects generally occur within two hours. [4]
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