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Overall, the Dunning–Kruger effect has been studied across a wide range of tasks, in aviation, business, debating, chess, driving, literacy, medicine, politics, spatial memory, and other fields. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] Many studies focus on students—for example, how they assess their performance after an exam.
Dunning–Kruger effect, the tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability. [ 78 ] Hot-cold empathy gap , the tendency to underestimate the influence of visceral drives on one's attitudes, preferences, and behaviors.
Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill; Erikson's stages of psychosocial development – Eight-stage model of psychoanalytic development; Flow – Full immersion in an activity; Formula for change; Illusory superiority – Cognitive bias; Immunity to change – Method of self-reflection and mindset change
Dunning–Kruger effect; Einstellung effect; Endowment effect; Face superiority effect; False fame effect; False-consensus effect; False-uniqueness effect; Fan effect; Florence Nightingale effect; Flynn effect; Focusing effect; Framing effect; Generation effect; Golem effect; Google effect; Halo effect; Hawthorne effect; Hedonic treadmill ...
Has been shown to affect various important economic decisions, for example, a choice of car insurance or electrical service. [32] Overconfidence effect: Tendency to overly trust one's own capability to make correct decisions. People tended to overrate their abilities and skills as decision makers. [33] See also the Dunning–Kruger effect.
From Dunning 2011, p. 264: We have observed this pattern of dramatic overestimation by bottom performers across a wide range of tasks in the lab—from tests of logical reasoning and grammar skills (Kruger & Dunning, 1999) to more social abilities like emotional intelligence (Sheldon, Ames, & Dunning, 2010) and discerning which jokes are funny ...
In Kruger and Dunning's experiments, participants were given specific tasks (such as solving logic problems, analyzing grammar questions, and determining whether jokes were funny), and were asked to evaluate their performance on these tasks relative to the rest of the group, enabling a direct comparison of their actual and perceived performance.
The top and bottom of the sandwich might induce a further inaccurate self-assessment of the receiver. Given the Dunning-Kruger effect, people have such cognitive bias to overestimate their performance, stressing their positives might overinflate their self-esteem or self-efficacy, demolishing the effect of reinforcing that positive behaviour. [8]