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Atipamezole, sold under the brand name Antisedan among others, is a synthetic α 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist used for the reversal of the sedative and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs. Its reversal effect works by competing with the sedative for α 2-adrenergic receptors and displacing them.
Epinephrine is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific β 2 agonists are unavailable or ineffective. [39] Because of the high intrinsic efficacy (receptor binding ability) of epinephrine, high drug concentrations cause adverse side effects when treating asthma. The value of using nebulized epinephrine in acute asthma is unclear. [40]
Side effects in dogs and cats include hypersalivation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and vomiting. [12] [16] Eight percent of dogs taking maropitant at doses meant to prevent motion sickness vomited right after, likely due to the local effects maropitant had on the gastrointestinal tract. Small amounts of food beforehand can prevent such post ...
It is available mixed with a small amount of epinephrine to increase the duration of its action. [5] It typically begins working within 15 minutes and lasts for 2 to 8 hours. [5] [6] Possible side effects include sleepiness, muscle twitching, ringing in the ears, changes in vision, low blood pressure, and an irregular heart rate. [5]
A later study, by Lands and Grant, showed that a dose of ~0.6 mg/kg of racemic synephrine, given intravenously to anesthetized dogs, produced a rise in blood pressure of 34 mmHg lasting 5–10 minutes, and estimated that this pressor activity was about 1/300x that of epinephrine. [63] Using cats and dogs, Tainter and Seidenfeld observed that ...
l-DOPA is produced from the amino acid l-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. l-DOPA can act as an l-tyrosine mimetic and be incorporated into proteins by mammalian cells in place of l-tyrosine, generating protease-resistant and aggregate-prone proteins in vitro and may contribute to neurotoxicity with chronic l-DOPA administration. [10]
Side effects specific to horses include sedation and CNS excitement (displayed by head pressing or tossing). Overdosing may result in seizures, falling, salivation, constipation, and muscle twitching. If an overdose occurs, a narcotic antagonist, such as naloxone, may be given. Caution should be used if butorphanol is administered in addition ...
phenylpropanolamine – controls urinary incontinence in dogs; phenytoin/pentobarbital – animal euthanasia product containing phenytoin and pentobarbital; pimobendan – phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor used to manage heart failure in dogs; pirlimycin – antimicrobial; ponazuril – anticoccidial