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In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory in the social sciences referring to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as societies attain more technology, education (especially of women), and economic development. [1]
Population momentum impacts the immediate birth and death rates in the population that determine the natural rate of growth. However, for a population to have an absolute zero amount of natural growth, three things must occur. 1. Fertility rates must level off to the replacement rate (the net reproduction rate should be 1). If the fertility ...
Replacement-level fertility in terms of the net reproduction rate (NRR) is exactly one, because the NRR takes both mortality rates and sex ratios at birth into account. As of 2010, about 48% (3.3 billion people) of the world population lives in nations with sub-replacement fertility. [ 3 ]
Omran's third phase occurs when human birth rates drastically decline from highly positive replacement rates to stable replacement numbers. In several European nations replacement rates have even become negative. [11] This transition generally represents the net effect of individual choices on family size and the ability to implement those choices.
[3] [4] The higher the degree of education and GDP per capita of a human population, subpopulation or social stratum, the fewer children are born in any developed country. [5] In a 1974 United Nations population conference in Bucharest, Karan Singh , a former minister of population in India, illustrated this trend by stating "Development is the ...
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Hispanic dropout rates are among the highest and Hispanic education achievement levels are among the lowest of any minority. This problem is exacerbated by a modern US society in which higher levels of educational achievement are increasingly considered prerequisites for employment, contributing to a higher than average unemployment rate among
The replacement fertility rate is 2.1 births per female for most developed countries (in the United Kingdom, for example), but can be as high as 3.5 in undeveloped countries because of higher mortality rates, especially child mortality. [11]