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Krippendorff's alpha coefficient, [1] named after academic Klaus Krippendorff, is a statistical measure of the agreement achieved when coding a set of units of analysis.. Since the 1970s, alpha has been used in content analysis where textual units are categorized by trained readers, in counseling and survey research where experts code open-ended interview data into analyzable terms, in ...
Various plots of the multivariate data set Iris flower data set introduced by Ronald Fisher (1936). [1]A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data.In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question.
The standard type hierarchy of Python 3. In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. [1]
gretl is an example of an open-source statistical package. ADaMSoft – a generalized statistical software with data mining algorithms and methods for data management; ADMB – a software suite for non-linear statistical modeling based on C++ which uses automatic differentiation; Chronux – for neurobiological time series data; DAP – free ...
Even the "logical" and "physical" SLOC values can have a large number of varying definitions. Robert E. Park (while at the Software Engineering Institute) and others developed a framework for defining SLOC values, to enable people to carefully explain and define the SLOC measure used in a project. For example, most software systems reuse code ...
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record. Each record consists of the same number of fields, and these are separated by commas in the ...
Terminal symbols are the concrete characters or strings of characters (for example keywords such as define, if, let, or void) from which syntactically valid programs are constructed. Syntax can be divided into context-free syntax and context-sensitive syntax. [7] Context-free syntax are rules directed by the metalanguage of the programming ...
Sometimes values are reported without the normalizing denominator, for example 0.067 = 1.73/26 for English; such values may be called κ p ("kappa-plaintext") rather than IC, with κ r ("kappa-random") used to denote the denominator 1/c (which is the expected coincidence rate for a uniform distribution of the same alphabet, 0.0385=1/26 for ...