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  2. Standard solar model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_solar_model

    The age of the Sun cannot be measured directly; one way to estimate it is from the age of the oldest meteorites, and models of the evolution of the Solar System. [1] The composition in the photosphere of the modern-day Sun, by mass, is 74.9% hydrogen and 23.8% helium. [2]

  3. Burning plasma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_plasma

    The Sun is a burning plasma that has reached fusion ignition, meaning the Sun's plasma temperature is maintained solely by energy released from fusion. The Sun has been burning hydrogen for 4.5 billion years and is about halfway through its life cycle.

  4. Formation and evolution of the Solar System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of...

    In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its hydrogen fuel supply, it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years. [117]

  5. Sun - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun

    The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 to 11 billion years as a main-sequence star before the red giant phase of the Sun. [135] At the 8 billion year mark, the Sun will be at its hottest point according to the ESA's Gaia space observatory mission in 2022. [136]

  6. Faint young Sun paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox

    Specifically, using 1-D models, which represent Earth as a single point (instead of something that varies across 3 dimensions) scientists have determined that at 4.5 Ga, with a 30% dimmer Sun, a minimum partial pressure of 0.1 bar of CO 2 is required to maintain an above-freezing surface temperature; 10 bar of CO 2 has been suggested as a ...

  7. Solar core - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_core

    The core contains 34% of the Sun's mass, but only 3% of the Sun's volume, and it generates 99% of the fusion power of the Sun. There are two distinct reactions in which four hydrogen nuclei may eventually result in one helium nucleus: the proton–proton chain reaction – which is responsible for most of the Sun's released energy – and the ...

  8. Astronomers make unprecedented discovery in search for water ...

    www.aol.com/news/water-vapor-found-swirling...

    Astronomers used the Hubble Space Telescope to make a landmark discovery of water vapor in the atmosphere of a planet just twice Earth’s diameter in size.

  9. Timeline of the far future - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future

    The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 35–40%, causing all water currently present in lakes and oceans to evaporate, if it had not done so earlier. The greenhouse effect caused by the massive, water-rich atmosphere will result in Earth's surface temperature rising to 1,400 K (1,130 °C; 2,060 °F), which is hot enough to melt some ...