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Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder affecting the oral mucosa. It is defined as "essentially an oral mucosal white/gray lesion that cannot be considered as any other definable lesion." Oral leukoplakia is a gray patch or plaque that develops in the oral cavity and is strongly associated with smoking. [8]
Dark-skinned people may have a melanotic line along the gum margin. Abnormal findings include swelling, cyanosis, paleness, dryness, sponginess, bleeding or discoloration. Diseases include leukoplakia, epulis, gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis and aphthous ulcer (canker sore).
Hairy leukoplakia is one of the most common oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, along with oral candidiasis. [7] It is the most common HIV/AIDS related condition caused by EBV, although EBV associated lymphomas may also occur. [5] OHL mainly occurs in adult males, less commonly in adult females and rarely in children. [8]
Hyperplastic candidiasis is uncommon, accounting for about 5% of oral candidiasis cases, [8] and is usually chronic and found in adults. The most common site of involvement is the commissural region of the buccal mucosa, usually on both sides of the mouth. [10] Another term for hyperplastic candidiasis is "candidal leukoplakia".
Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the history and clinical appearance. The differential diagnosis includes other oral white lesions such as Leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, oral candidiasis, lichen planus, white sponge nevus and contact stomatitis. [7] In contrast to pseudomembraneous candidiasis, this white patch cannot be wiped off. [7]
Erythroplakia is analogous to the term leukoplakia which describes white patches. Together, these are the 2 traditionally accepted types of premalignant lesion in the mouth, [9] [10] When a lesion contains both red and white areas, the term "speckled leukoplakia" or "eyrthroleukoplakia" is used.
Some live only in pairs as adults, others like American crows, can have extended family groups on one territory, others, like fish crows, live in larger groups of unrelated birds of many ages ...
Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), also known as Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome, is a rare progressive congenital disorder with a highly variable phenotype. [3] The entity was classically defined by the triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but these components do not always occur. [3]