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A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικός toxikos, "poisonous") [1] [2] is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi [3] [4] and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.
Mycotoxicology is the branch of mycology that focuses on analyzing and studying the toxins produced by fungi, known as mycotoxins. [1] In the food industry it is important to adopt measures that keep mycotoxin levels as low as practicable, especially those that are heat-stable.
The toxins, named mycotoxins, deter other organisms from consuming the food the fungi colonise. As with bacterial toxins, there is a wide array of fungal toxins. Arguably one of the more dangerous mycotoxins is aflatoxin produced by certain species of the genus Aspergillus (notably A. flavus). If ingested repeatedly, this toxin can cause ...
T-2 mycotoxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin.It is a naturally occurring mold byproduct of Fusarium spp. fungus which is toxic to humans and other animals. The clinical condition it causes is alimentary toxic aleukia and a host of symptoms related to organs as diverse as the skin, airway, and stomach.
Upon consumption, the toxin inhibits ribosomal protein, DNA and RNA synthesis, [22] [21] [23] mitochondrial functions [24] [25] [26] cell division [27] [28] while simultaneously activating a cellular stress response named ribotoxic stress response. [29] The trichothecene mycotoxins can be absorbed though topical, oral, and inhalational routes. [21]
Exotoxin activity can be separated into specific cytotoxic activity or broad cytotoxic activity based on whether the toxin targets specific cell types or various cell types and tissues, respectively. Lethal toxins refers to the group of toxins that are the obvious agents responsible for death associated with the infection.
The conidiospores are asexual spores produced by A. flavus during reproduction. [5] [6] [7] The conidiophores of A. flavus are rough and colorless. Phialides are both uniseriate (arranged in one row) and biseriate. [5] Recently, Petromyces was identified as the sexual reproductive stage of A. flavus, where the ascospores develop within ...
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. [2] They occur especially as proteins , often conjugated . [ 3 ] The term was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919), [ 4 ] derived from toxic .