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Protein crystals commonly have as much as 50% water content. Molecules are also labeled as hydrates for historical reasons not covered above. Glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6, was originally thought of as C 6 (H 2 O) 6 and described as a carbohydrate. Hydrate formation is common for active ingredients. Many manufacturing processes provide an opportunity ...
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In γ-cyclodextrin, the eight glucose subunits are linked end to end via α-1,4 linkages. The result has the shape of a tapered cylinder, with 8 primary alcohols on one face and 16 secondary alcohol groups on the other. The exterior surface of cyclodextrins is somewhat hydrophilic whereas the interior core is hydrophobic.
There are two main ways in which minerals hydrate. One is conversion of an oxide to a double hydroxide , as with the hydration of calcium oxide —CaO—to calcium hydroxide —Ca(OH) 2 . The other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral, [ 1 ] as with the hydration of feldspars to ...
Crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate consist of [Cu(H 2 O) 4] 2+ centers linked to SO 2− 4 ions. Copper is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, provided by two different sulfate groups and four molecules of water.
Methane clathrate block embedded in the sediment of hydrate ridge, off Oregon, USA. Clathrate hydrates, or gas hydrates, clathrates, or hydrates, are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules (typically gases) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules.
[1] [2] The vapor pressure of the ice is lower than the vapor pressure of the solute water in the surrounding cells and as heat is removed at the freezing point of the solutions, the ice crystals grow between the cells, extracting water from them. As the ice crystals grow, the volume of the cells shrinks, and the cells are crushed between the ...
[8] As suggested by the existence of hydrates, anhydrous MgCl 2 is a Lewis acid, although a weak one. One derivative is tetraethylammonium tetrachloromagnesate [N(CH 2 CH 3) 4] 2 [MgCl 4]. The adduct MgCl 2 is another. [9] In the coordination polymer with the formula MgCl 2 2, Mg adopts an octahedral geometry. [10]