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  2. Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection

    An oblique Mercator projection tilts the cylinder axis away from the Earth's axis to an angle of one's choosing, so that its tangent or secant lines of contact are circles that are also tilted relative to the Earth's parallels of latitude. [25]

  3. Map projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection

    Distance from the tangent point on the map is proportional to straight-line distance through the Earth: r(d) = c sin ⁠ d / 2R ⁠ [38] Logarithmic azimuthal is constructed so that each point's distance from the center of the map is the logarithm of its distance from the tangent point on the Earth.

  4. Oblique Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_Mercator_projection

    Both projections are cylindrical: for the normal Mercator, the axis of the cylinder coincides with the polar axis and the line of tangency with the equator. For the transverse Mercator, the axis of the cylinder lies in the equatorial plane, and the line of tangency is any chosen meridian, thereby designated the central meridian.

  5. Transverse Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Mercator_projection

    The map is conformal. Lines intersecting at any specified angle on the ellipsoid project into lines intersecting at the same angle on the projection. In particular parallels and meridians intersect at 90°. The point scale factor is independent of direction at any point so that the shape of a small region is reasonably well preserved. The ...

  6. Central cylindrical projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_cylindrical_projection

    The central cylindrical projection is a perspective cylindrical map projection. It corresponds to projecting the Earth's surface onto a cylinder tangent to the equator as if from a light source at Earth's center. The cylinder is then cut along one of the projected meridians and unrolled into a flat map. [1]

  7. List of map projections - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections

    The straight-line distance between the central point on the map to any other point is the same as the straight-line 3D distance through the globe between the two points. c. 150 BC: Stereographic: Azimuthal Conformal Hipparchos* Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two hemispheres.

  8. Earth's magnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_magnetic_field

    The rotation axis of Earth is centered and vertical. The dense clusters of lines are within Earth's core. [2] Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from Earth's interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun.

  9. Local tangent plane coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_tangent_plane...

    Local tangent plane coordinates (LTP) are part of a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and the Earth's axis of rotation. They are also known as local ellipsoidal system , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] local geodetic coordinate system , [ 3 ] local vertical, local horizontal coordinates ( LVLH ), or ...