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  2. Local tangent plane coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_tangent_plane...

    The east north up (ENU) local tangent plane is similar to NED, except for swapping 'down' for 'up' and x for y. Local tangent plane coordinates (LTP) are part of a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and the Earth's axis of rotation.

  3. Horizontal position representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_position...

    The axes are typically selected as North-East-Down or East-North-Up, and thus this system can be viewed as a linearization of the meridians and parallels. For small areas a local coordinate system can be convenient for relative positioning, but with increasing (horizontal) distances, errors will increase and repositioning of the tangent point ...

  4. Axes conventions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axes_conventions

    By contrast, in case of air and sea vehicles like submarines, ships, airplanes etc., which use the NED-system (North-East-Down) as external reference (World frame), the vehicle's (body's) positive y- or pitch axis always points to its right, and its positive z- or yaw axis always points down. World frame's origin is fixed at the center of ...

  5. Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates

    Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).

  6. Geographic coordinate conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate...

    where atan2 is the quadrant-resolving arc-tangent function. The geocentric longitude and geodetic longitude have the same value; this is true for Earth and other similar shaped planets because they have a large amount of rotational symmetry around their spin axis (see triaxial ellipsoidal longitude for a generalization).

  7. Horizontal coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system

    Azimuth is measured eastward from the north point (sometimes from the south point) of the horizon; altitude is the angle above the horizon. The horizontal coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system that uses the observer's local horizon as the fundamental plane to define two angles of a spherical coordinate system: altitude and azimuth.

  8. Figure of the Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth

    Conversely, the ellipsoid's north–south radius of curvature at the equator is smaller than the polar r e = b 2 a {\displaystyle r_{e}={\frac {b^{2}}{a}}} where a {\displaystyle a} is the distance from the center of the ellipsoid to the equator (semi-major axis), and b {\displaystyle b} is the distance from the center to the pole.

  9. Vertical and horizontal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal

    In particular, a plane tangent to a point on the equator intersects the plane tangent to the North Pole at a right angle. (See diagram). Furthermore, the equatorial plane is parallel to the tangent plane at the North Pole and as such has claim to be a horizontal plane. But it is. at the same time, a vertical plane for points on the equator.