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The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid.
The projection coordinates resulting from the various developments of the ellipsoidal transverse Mercator are Cartesian coordinates such that the central meridian corresponds to the x axis and the equator corresponds to the y axis. Both x and y are defined for all values of λ and ϕ. The projection does not define a grid: the grid is an ...
Transverse Mercator projection has many implementations. Louis Krüger in 1912 developed one of his two implementations [1] that expressed as a power series in the longitude difference from the central meridian. These series were recalculated by Lee in 1946, [2] by Redfearn in 1948, [3] and by Thomas in 1952. [4][5] They are often referred to ...
Geographic coordinate conversion has applications in cartography, surveying, navigation and geographic information systems. In geodesy, geographic coordinate conversion is defined as translation among different coordinate formats or map projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. [1] A geographic coordinate transformation is a ...
To convert Transverse Mercator coordinates to lat-lon, first calculate ′, the footprint latitude— i.e. the latitude of the point on the central meridian that has the same N as the point to be converted; i.e. the latitude that has a meridian distance on the spheroid equal to N/. Bowring's formulas below seem quickest, but traditional ...
The Cassini projection (also sometimes known as the Cassini–Soldner projection or Soldner projection[1]) is a map projection first described in an approximate form by César-François Cassini de Thury in 1745. Its precise formulas were found through later analysis by Johann Georg von Soldner around 1810. [2] It is the transverse aspect of the ...
Universal polar stereographic coordinate system. The universal polar stereographic (UPS) coordinate system is used in conjunction with the universal transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to locate positions on the surface of the Earth. Like the UTM coordinate system, the UPS coordinate system uses a metric-based cartesian grid laid out on ...
Latitude / longitude and UTM are common horizontal position representations. The horizontal position has two degrees of freedom, and thus two parameters are sufficient to uniquely describe such a position. However, similarly to the use of Euler angles as a formalism for representing rotations, using only the minimum number of parameters gives ...