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[3] [5] In reaction to the loss of cartilage, the bones thicken at the joint surface, resulting in subchondral sclerosis. Also, bony outgrowths, called osteophytes (also known as “bone spurs”), are formed at the joint margins. [6] The main symptom is pain, particularly with gripping and pinching.
Eburnation is a degenerative process of bone commonly found in patients with osteoarthritis or non-union of fractures.Friction in the joint causes the reactive conversion of the sub-chondral bone to an ivory-like surface at the site of the cartilage erosion. [1]
Small chondrophytes or osteophytes at margins IV Horizontal clefts parallel to endplate: Focal disruptions: Fibrocartilage extending from subchondral bone; irregularity and focal sclerosis in subchondral bone: Osteophytes smaller than 2 mm V Clefts extended through nucleus and annulus: Diffuse sclerosis: Osteophytes greater than 2 mm
The typical changes seen on X-ray include: joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis (increased bone formation around the joint), subchondral cyst formation, and osteophytes. [54] Plain films may not correlate with the findings on physical examination or with the degree of pain. [55]
Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone.
Osteophytes form because of the increase in a damaged joint's surface area. This is most common from the onset of arthritis. Osteophytes usually limit joint movement and typically cause pain. [6] Osteophytes form naturally on the back of the spine as a person ages and are a clinical sign of degeneration in the spine.
Synovial osteochondromatosis (SOC) (synonyms include synovial chondromatosis, primary synovial chondromatosis, synovial chondrometaplasia) is a rare disease that creates a benign change or proliferation in the synovium or joint-lining tissue, which changes to form bone-forming cartilage.
Imaging is crucial to the spondyloarthritis diagnosis process. The most distinctive radiographic observation is the sacroiliac (SI) joints' erosion, ankylosis, and sclerosis. [27] There must be clear evidence of sacroiliitis (at least grade 2 bilaterally or grade 3 unilaterally) on the radiographs in order to diagnose ankylosing spondylitis.