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[1] A disc protrusion is a medical condition that can occur in some vertebrates, including humans, in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure. Many disk abnormalities seen on MRI that are loosely referred to as "herniation" are
The second disc replacement to achieve wide clinical use was the prodisc total disc replacement; it continues to have worldwide use today. Designed by French orthopedic spine surgeon Thiery Marnay, M.D., in the late 1980s, early implantations of the prodisc device began in 1990, with a 7-11 year follow-up published in 2005.
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica .
Microextrusion is an outgrowth of microforming, a science that was in its infancy in the early 1990s. In 2002, Engel et al. expressed that up to that point, only a few research experiments involving micro-deep drawing and extruding processes had been attempted, citing limitations in shearing on billets and difficulties in tool manufacturing and handling. [1]
A rupture disc (burst) Pressure-effect acting at a rupture disc A rupture disc, also known as a pressure safety disc, burst disc, bursting disc, or burst diaphragm, is a non-reclosing pressure relief safety device that, in most uses, protects a pressure vessel, equipment or system from overpressurization or potentially damaging vacuum conditions.
Plastics extrusion is a high-volume manufacturing process in which raw plastic is melted and formed into a continuous profile. Extrusion produces items such as pipe/tubing, weatherstripping , fencing, deck railings , window frames , plastic films and sheeting, thermoplastic coatings, and wire insulation.
The extrusion ratio is simply the cross-sectional area of the extrusion billet, A 0, divided by the cross sectional area of the extrudate, A f. The extrusion strain is then e=ln(A 0 /A f). In friction extrusion there is an additional strain component which will arise from the shearing motion of the rotating die as it contacts the charge.
This tool is very similar to an angle grinder, chop saw, or even a die grinder, with the main difference being the cutting disc itself (a circular diamond blade, or resin-bonded abrasive cutting wheel for a disc cutter vs. an abrasive grinding wheel for an angle grinder). This tool is highly efficient at cutting very hard materials, especially ...