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The Aitareya Brahmana (~1000 BCE) in section 6.27, for example, states the arts are a refinement of the self (atma-samskrti). [32] The oldest surviving complete Sanskrit manuscript that discusses a theory of aesthetics is of Natya Shastra, estimated to have been complete between 200 BCE and 200 CE. [33] This theory is called rasa in the text.
Butcher, Samuel H., Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, New York 4 1911; Carroll, M., Aristotle's Poetics, c. xxv, Ιn the Light of the Homeric Scholia, Baltimore 1895; Cave, Terence, Recognitions. A Study in Poetics, Oxford 1988; Carlson, Marvin, Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present ...
Aristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake. He wrote several treatises on ethics, most notably including the Nicomachean Ethics. [139] Aristotle taught that virtue has to do with the proper function (ergon) of a thing. An eye ...
For Aristotle, the function of artistic forms was to instill pleasure, and he first pondered the problem that an object of art representing ugliness produces "pain." Aristotle's detailed analysis of this problem involved his study of tragic literature and its paradoxical nature as both shocking and having poetic value. [11]
Aristotle says rhetoric is the counterpart (antistrophe) of dialectic. [1]: I.1.1–2 He explains the similarities between the two but fails to comment on the differences. Here he introduces the term enthymeme. [1]: I.1.3 Chapter Two Aristotle defines rhetoric as the ability in a particular case to see the available means of persuasion.
These ideas go back to Aristotle's thesis that entities from different ontological categories have different degrees of fundamentality. For example, substances have the highest degree of fundamentality because they exist in themselves. Properties, on the other hand, are less fundamental because they depend on substances for their existence.
The challenge to the assumption that beauty was central to art and aesthetics, thought to be original, is actually continuous with older aesthetic theory; Aristotle was the first in the Western tradition to classify "beauty" into types as in his theory of drama, and Kant made a distinction between beauty and the sublime.
A work of art may embody an inference process and be an argument without being an explicit argumentation. That is the difference, for example, between most of War and Peace and its final section. 3. Speculative rhetoric or methodeutic. For Peirce this is the theory of effective use of signs in investigations, expositions, and applications of truth.