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Kevlar (para-aramid) [2] is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, [3] [2] [4] the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires.
Aramid process diagram. World capacity of para-aramid production was estimated at 41,000 t (40,000 long tons; 45,000 short tons) per year in 2002 and increases each year by 5–10%. [12] In 2007 this means a total production capacity of around 55,000 tonnes per year. [citation needed]
Aromatic polyamides (e.g. Kevlar and Nomex) are made by polycondensation in N-methyl-pyrrolidone and calcium chloride solution. This process is one of two used in the production of sodium polyacrylate, a superabsorbent polymer used in disposable diapers.
Nomex is an example of a meta variant of the aramids (Kevlar is a para aramid). Unlike Kevlar, Nomex strands cannot align during filament polymerization and have less strength: its ultimate tensile strength is 340 MPa (49,000 psi). [2] However, it has excellent thermal, chemical, and radiation resistance for a polymer material.
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.
Sails made with synthetic fibers. Sailcloth is cloth used to make sails. It can be made of a variety of materials, including natural fibers such as flax, hemp, or cotton in various forms of sail canvas, and synthetic fibers such as nylon, polyester, aramids, and carbon fibers in various woven, spun, and molded textiles.
An example of CMC manufacture, which was introduced for the production of ceramic brake discs, is the reaction of silicon with a porous preform of C/C. [14] The process temperature is above 1,414 °C (2,577 °F), that is above the melting point of silicon, and the process conditions are controlled such that the carbon fibers of the C/C-preform ...
Branch point in a polymer. Polymer architecture in polymer science relates to the way branching leads to a deviation from a strictly linear polymer chain. [1] Branching may occur randomly or reactions may be designed so that specific architectures are targeted. [1]