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Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
There are three types of cokers used in oil refineries: delayed coker, fluid coker and flexicoker. [2] [3] The one that is by far the most commonly used is the delayed coker. The schematic flow diagram below depicts a typical delayed coker: A typical schematic flow diagram of a delayed coking unit
natural water displacing oil downward into the well; expansion of the associated petroleum gas at the top of the reservoir; expansion of the associated gas initially dissolved in the crude oil; gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where well extraction is located.
Crude oil contains sulfur in its composition, with the latter being the most abundant element after carbon and hydrogen. [2] Depending on its source, the amount of sulfur present in crude oil can range from 0.05 to 10%. [3] Accordingly, the oil can be classified as sweet or sour if the sulfur concentration is below or above 0.5%, respectively. [4]
The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery that depicts the various unit processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products. The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations.
The process flow diagram below depicts a typical semi-regenerative catalytic reforming unit. Schematic diagram of a typical semi-regenerative catalytic reformer unit in a petroleum refinery. The liquid feed (at the bottom left in the diagram) is pumped up to the reaction pressure (5–45 atm) and is joined by a stream of hydrogen-rich recycle gas.
The produced oil may sometimes be stabilised (a form of distillation) which reduces vapour pressure and sweetens "sour" crude oil by removing hydrogen sulphide, thereby making the crude oil suitable for storage and transport. Offshore installations deliver oil and gas to onshore terminals which may further process the fluids prior to sale or ...
The feedstock to the FCC conversion process usually is heavy gas oil (HGO), which is that portion of the petroleum (crude oil) that has an initial boiling-point temperature of 340 °C (644 °F) or higher, at atmospheric pressure, and that has an average molecular weight that ranges from about 200 to 600 or higher; heavy gas oil also is known as ...