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Light sensitivity or photosensitivity refers to a notable or increased reactivity to light. Apart from vision , human beings have many physiological and psychological responses to light. In rare individuals an atypical response may result in serious discomfort, disease, or injury.
While cones (which are responsible for color perception and detail) are activated in brighter light, the rods provide vision in low light, but with a loss of precision. Therefore, the graininess we perceive in the dark is a natural adaptation of our vision to photoreceptor limitations, not a sign of some abnormality.
Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye [7] Most vertebrate photoreceptors are located in the retina. The distribution of rods and cones (and classes thereof) in the retina is called the retinal mosaic. Each human retina has approximately 6 million cones and 120 million rods. [8]
Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons, especially visible light. In medicine, the term is principally used for abnormal reactions of the skin, and two types are distinguished, photoallergy and phototoxicity .
An ipRGC, shown here as a complied image of the retina from proximal inner nuclear layer to the ganglion cell layer with fluorescent labeling of melanopsin Spectral sensitivities of the photoreceptors in the human eye. [4] Compared to the rods and cones, the ipRGCs respond more sluggishly and signal the presence of light over the long term. [5]
S cones respond most strongly to blue short-wavelength light, peaking at 420 nm, and make up only around 2% of the cones in the human retina. The peak wavelengths of L, M, and S cones occur in the ranges of 564–580 nm , 534–545 nm , and 420–440 nm nm, respectively, depending on the individual.
The human eye contains three types of photoreceptors, rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Rods and cones are responsible for vision and connected to the visual cortex. ipRGCs are more connected to body clock functions and other parts of the brain but not the visual cortex.
In humans and many other animals, photopic vision allows color perception, mediated by cone cells, and a significantly higher visual acuity and temporal resolution than available with scotopic vision. The human eye uses three types of cones to sense light in three bands of color.