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The iPhone [5] (retroactively referred to as the iPhone 2G [6] or iPhone 1 [7]) is the first iPhone model and the first smartphone developed and marketed by Apple Inc. After years of rumors and speculation, it was officially announced on January 9, 2007, [ 8 ] and was released in the United States on June 29, 2007.
Typical 2G standards include GSM and IS-95 with extensions via GPRS, EDGE and 1xRTT, providing Internet access to users of originally voice centric 2G networks. Both EDGE and 1xRTT are 3G standards, as defined by the ITU , but are usually marketed as 2.9G due to their comparatively low speeds and high delays when compared to true 3G technologies.
Byte pair encoding [1] [2] (also known as BPE, or digram coding) [3] is an algorithm, first described in 1994 by Philip Gage, for encoding strings of text into smaller strings by creating and using a translation table. [4] A slightly-modified version of the algorithm is used in large language model tokenizers.
In Coding Schemes CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i.e. each input bit is converted into two coded bits. [15] In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the convolutional code is punctured to achieve the desired code rate. [15] In Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding is applied. [15]
2G, or second-generation cellular network technology, marks the transition from analog to digital communication in mobile networks. Defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) under the GSM standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for mobile communications, 2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in Finland. [1]
The standard encoding for GSM messages is the 7-bit default alphabet as defined in the 23.038 recommendation. Seven-bit characters must be encoded into octets following one of three packing modes: CBS: using this encoding, it is possible to send up to 93 characters (packed in up to 82 octets) in one SMS message in a Cell Broadcast Service.
In all EGPRS modulation and coding schemes, a convolutional code of rate 1/3 is used, and puncturing is used to achieve the desired code rate. [5] In contrast to GPRS, the Radio Link Control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) headers and the payload data are coded separately in EGPRS. [5] The headers are coded more robustly than the data. [5]
The Reed–Muller RM(r, m) code of order r and length N = 2 m is the code generated by v 0 and the wedge products of up to r of the v i, 1 ≤ i ≤ m (where by convention a wedge product of fewer than one vector is the identity for the operation).