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Stress, to a physiologist, means any situation that threatens the continued stability of the body and its functions. [61] Stress affects a wide variety of body systems: the two most consistently activated are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the norepinephrine system, including both the sympathetic nervous system and the locus ...
Stress hormones can also induce a state of chronic inflammation, [8] which can damage the body's tissues and organs and increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as arthritis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These effects can make the body more vulnerable to chronic infections, such as bacterial infections and autoimmune diseases, which ...
Starvation response in animals (including humans) is a set of adaptive biochemical and physiological changes, triggered by lack of food or extreme weight loss, in which the body seeks to conserve energy by reducing metabolic rate and/or non-resting energy expenditure to prolong survival and preserve body fat and lean mass.
Weight loss doctors explain how fat leaves the body through sweat, breath, and urine. Plus, tips to optimize fat loss, and frequently asked fat loss questions. This Is What Actually Happens To ...
Dehydration is a recognized factor affecting BIA measurements, as it causes an increase in the body's electrical resistance, so has been measured to cause a 5 kg underestimation of fat-free mass i.e. an overestimation of body fat. [4] Body-fat measurements are lower when measurements are taken shortly after consumption of a meal, causing a ...
Orlistat (Xenical), the most commonly used medication to treat obesity and sibutramine (Meridia), a medication that was withdrawn due to cardiovascular side effects. Anti-obesity medication or weight loss medications are pharmacological agents that reduce or control excess body fat.
In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. [9] During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions of effort and peripheral muscle fatigue. [9]
Norepinephrine has activating effects in the body and therefore can cause insomnia in some patients if taken at bedtime. [49] SNRIs can also cause nausea, which is usually mild and goes away within a few weeks of treatment, but taking the medication with food can help alleviate this.