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Long short-term memory (LSTM) [1] is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) aimed at mitigating the vanishing gradient problem [2] commonly encountered by traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models , and other sequence learning methods.
An LSTM unit contains three gates: An input gate, which controls the flow of new information into the memory cell; A forget gate, which controls how much information is retained from the previous time step; An output gate, which controls how much information is passed to the next layer. The equations for LSTM are: [2]
That is, LSTM can learn tasks that require memories of events that happened thousands or even millions of discrete time steps earlier. Problem-specific LSTM-like topologies can be evolved. [56] LSTM works even given long delays between significant events and can handle signals that mix low and high-frequency components.
For recurrent neural networks, the long short-term memory (LSTM) network was designed to solve the problem (Hochreiter & Schmidhuber, 1997). [ 9 ] For the exploding gradient problem, (Pascanu et al, 2012) [ 6 ] recommended gradient clipping, meaning dividing the gradient vector g {\displaystyle g} by ‖ g ‖ / g m a x {\displaystyle \|g\|/g ...
For higher-order autoregressive processes, the sample autocorrelation needs to be supplemented with a partial autocorrelation plot. The partial autocorrelation of an AR( p ) process becomes zero at lag p + 1 and greater, so we examine the sample partial autocorrelation function to see if there is evidence of a departure from zero.
In an autoregressive task, [50] the entire sequence is masked at first, and the model produces a probability distribution for the first token. Then the first token is revealed and the model predicts the second token, and so on. The loss function for the task is still typically the same. The GPT series of models are trained by autoregressive tasks.
A 380M-parameter model for machine translation uses two long short-term memories (LSTM). [21] Its architecture consists of two parts. The encoder is an LSTM that takes in a sequence of tokens and turns it into a vector. The decoder is another LSTM that converts the vector into a sequence
In their original publication, they were solving the problem of classifying phonemes in speech signal from 6 different Japanese speakers, 2 females and 4 males. They trained 6 experts, each being a "time-delayed neural network" [4] (essentially a multilayered convolution network over the mel spectrogram). They found that the resulting mixture ...