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Wolfram states several phenomena are normally computationally irreducible [1]. Computational irreducibility explains why many natural systems are hard to predict or simulate. The Principle of Computational Equivalence implies these systems are as computationally powerful as any designed computer.
Stephen Wolfram was born in London in 1959 to Hugo and Sybil Wolfram, both German Jewish refugees to the United Kingdom. [10] His maternal grandmother was British psychoanalyst Kate Friedlander. Wolfram's father, Hugo Wolfram, was a textile manufacturer and served as managing director of the Lurex Company—makers of the fabric Lurex. [11]
The basic subject of Wolfram's "new kind of science" is the study of simple abstract rules—essentially, elementary computer programs.In almost any class of a computational system, one very quickly finds instances of great complexity among its simplest cases (after a time series of multiple iterative loops, applying the same simple set of rules on itself, similar to a self-reinforcing cycle ...
A physicist considers whether artificial intelligence can fix science, regulation, and innovation.
On May 14, 2007, Wolfram announced a $25,000 prize to be won by the first person to prove or disprove the universality of the (2,3) Turing machine. [2] On 24 October 2007, it was announced that the prize had been won by Alex Smith, a student in electronics and computing at the University of Birmingham , for his proof that it was universal.
In the 1980s, Stephen Wolfram engaged in a systematic study of one-dimensional cellular automata, or what he calls elementary cellular automata; his research assistant Matthew Cook showed that one of these rules is Turing-complete. The primary classifications of cellular automata, as outlined by Wolfram, are numbered one to four.
Stephen Wolfram (born 1959) English theorist known for his work in theoretical particle physics, cellular automata, complexity theory, and computer algebra. A. Wayne Wymore (1927–2011) American mathematician and systems engineer. Founder and first Chairman of Systems and Industrial Engineering (SIE) Department at the University of Arizona.
Some speakers have included Sebastian Thrun, Rodney Brooks, Barney Pell, Marshall Brain, Justin Rattner, Peter Diamandis, Stephen Wolfram, Gregory Benford, Robin Hanson, Anders Sandberg, Juergen Schmidhuber, Aubrey de Grey, Max Tegmark, and Michael Shermer. There have also been spinoff conferences in Melbourne, Australia in 2010, 2011 and 2012.