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2. Quartz - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz

   A synthetic quartz crystal grown by the hydrothermal method, about 19 centimetres (7.5 in) long and weighing about 127 grams (4.5 oz) Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Some clear quartz crystals can be treated using heat or gamma-irradiation to induce color where it would not otherwise have occurred naturally. Susceptibility ...

3. Herkimer diamond - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_diamond

   Herkimer diamonds are double-terminated quartz crystals discovered within exposed outcrops of dolomite in and around Herkimer County, New York, and the Mohawk River Valley in the US. [1][2] They are not diamonds; the "diamond" in their name is due to both their clarity and well formed faces. Because the first discovery sites were in the village ...

4. Fused quartz - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_quartz

   Fused quartz, fused silica or quartz glass is a glass consisting of almost pure silica (silicon dioxide, SiO 2) in amorphous (non- crystalline) form. This differs from all other commercial glasses, such as soda-lime glass, lead glass, or borosilicate glass, in which other ingredients are added which change the glasses' optical and physical ...

5. Smoky quartz - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_quartz

   Smoky quartz. Smoky quartz is a brownish grey, translucent variety of quartz that ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to an almost-opaque brownish-gray or black crystals. [6] The color of smoky quartz is produced when natural radiation, emitted from the surrounding rock, activates color centers around aluminum impurities within ...

6. Amethyst - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst

   Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz (SiO. 2) and owes its violet color to irradiation, impurities of iron (Fe3+. ) and in some cases other transition metals, and the presence of other trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions. [2][3][4] The irradiation causes the iron Fe3+.

7. Jasper - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper

   Jasper, an aggregate of microgranular quartz and/or cryptocrystalline chalcedony and other mineral phases, [1][2] is an opaque, [3] impure variety of silica, usually red, yellow, brown or green in color; and rarely blue. The common red color is due to iron (III) inclusions. Jasper breaks with a smooth surface and is used for ornamentation or as ...