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The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work (energy) required. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Higher COPs equate to higher efficiency, lower energy (power) consumption and thus lower operating costs.
Through carefully planned equations, hierarchical listing of elements, standard calculations, checklists of project elements and other methods, [1] the project team adds in all expenses of a project, from labor to materials to administrative costs. These calculations formulate a Basis of Estimate which is, when completed, a number that can be ...
District cooling is the cooling equivalent of district heating. Working on principles broadly similar to district heating, district cooling delivers chilled water to buildings like offices and factories. In winter, the source for cooling can often be seawater, so it is a cheaper resource than electricity to run compressors for cooling.
Underfloor heating and cooling is a form of central heating and cooling that achieves indoor climate control for thermal comfort using hydronic or electrical heating elements embedded in a floor. Heating is achieved by conduction , radiation and convection .
Radiant heating and cooling originated as separate systems but now share a similar form. Radiant heating has a long history in Asia and Europe. The earliest systems, from as early as 5000 BC, were found in northern China and Korea. Archaeological findings show kang and dikang, heated beds and floors in ancient Chinese homes. Kang originated in ...
Basis (or cost basis), as used in United States tax law, is the original cost of property, adjusted for factors such as depreciation. When a property is sold, the taxpayer pays/(saves) taxes on a capital gain /(loss) that equals the amount realized on the sale minus the sold property's basis.
The latest inflation data showed price increases cooled in June, but housing costs remain stubbornly high for many Americans.. According to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) report released by the ...
Cooling load profiles for UFAD systems and overhead systems are different, [12] mainly due to the thermal storage effect of the lighter-weight raised floor panels compared to the heavier mass of a structural floor slab. The mere presence of the raised floor reduces the ability of the slab to store heat, thereby producing for the system with a ...