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In automobiles, the laminated glass panel is around 6.5 mm (0.26 inches) thick, in comparison to airplane glass being three times as thick. [21] In airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, there is often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm thick PVB between them.
Laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered. Skylight glazing and automobile windshields typically use laminated glass. In geographical areas requiring hurricane-resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows
Tempered laminated glass is designed to shatter into small pieces, preventing possible injury. When both pieces of glass are broken it produces a "wet blanket" effect and it will fall out of its opening. Heat strengthened laminated glass is stronger than annealed, but not as strong as tempered. It is often used where security is a concern.
Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension .
Safety and security films are used where there is a potential for injury from broken glass (such as glass doors or overhead glazing). These films can be applied to toughened, annealed, or laminated glass. They are available in various thicknesses, from 100 micrometers (or 4 mils minimum 2 ply) through to 525 micrometers + (21 mils).
Fitting a second pane of glass to improve insulation began in Scotland, Germany, and Switzerland in the 1870s. [3] Insulating glass is an evolution from older technologies known as double-hung windows and storm windows. Traditional double-hung windows used a single pane of glass to separate the interior and exterior spaces.
Also unlike toughened glass, chemically strengthened glass may be cut after strengthening, but loses its added strength within approximately 20 mm of the cut. Similarly, when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength. Another negative of chemically strengthened glass is the added cost.
A building project in Wuhan, China, demonstrating the relationship between the inner load-bearing structure and an exterior glass curtain wall Curtain walls are also used on residential structures A curtain wall is an exterior covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, instead serving to protect the interior of the ...