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Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical effect of light–matter interaction. An ultrashort pulse of light, when travelling in a medium, will induce a varying refractive index of the medium due to the optical Kerr effect. [1]
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. SPM was founded in 1981, with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope , an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
From this form, we can understand the physical meaning of the parameter N: if N ≪ 1 {\displaystyle N\ll 1} , then we can neglect the nonlinear part of the equation. It means L d ≪ L n ℓ {\displaystyle L_{d}\ll L_{n\ell }} , then the field will be affected by the linear effect (diffraction) much earlier than the nonlinear effect, it will ...
Form 4 and Form 5 students are prepared for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination, roughly equivalent to the British GCE O Level. [1] Students are given the option of studying in the science stream, commerce stream, IT stream or arts stream.
Many recent advances have expanded the list of applications for PFM and further increased this powerful technique. Indeed what started as a user modified AFM has now attracted the attention of the major SPM manufacturers so much so that in fact many now supply ‘ready-made’ systems specifically for PFM each with novel features for research.
Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP) is a book series published by Springer Science+Business Media in the field of physics, including articles related to both research and teaching. It was established in 1969.
Simplified illustration of the scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) technique. The probe is shown to vibrate in z, perpendicular to the sample plane. The probe and sample form a parallel plate capacitor as shown. Block diagram of a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) instrument showing computer, control unit, scan axes, vibrator, probe, and sample
In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion (sometimes abbreviated as SHM) is a special type of periodic motion an object experiences by means of a restoring force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the distance of the object from an equilibrium position and acts towards the equilibrium position.