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External commercial borrowing (ECBs) are loans in India made by non-resident lenders in foreign currency to Indian borrowers. They are used widely in India to facilitate access to foreign money by Indian corporations and PSUs ( public sector undertakings).
External debt measures an economy's obligations to make future payments and, therefore, is an indicator of a country's vulnerability to solvency and liquidity problems. [1]: xi–xii Another useful indicator is the net external debt position, which equals gross external debt minus external assets in the form of debt instruments.
Borrowing base is an accounting metric used by financial institutions to estimate the available collateral on a borrower's assets in order to evaluate the size of the credit that may be extended. [1] Typically, the calculation of borrowing base is used for revolving loans , and the borrowing base determines the maximum credit line available to ...
The current account is an important indicator of an economy's external sector. It is defined as the sum of the balance of trade (goods and services exports minus imports), net income from abroad, and net current transfers. A positive current account balance indicates the nation is a net lender to the rest of the world, while a negative current ...
FEMA served to make transactions for external trade and easier – transactions involving current account for external trade no longer required RBI’s permission. The deals in Foreign Exchange were to be ‘managed’ instead of ‘regulated’. The switch to FEMA shows the change on the part of the government in terms of for the capital. [14]
The Export–Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United States federal government. [1] [2] Operating as a wholly owned federal government corporation, [1] the bank "assists in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services", [1] particularly when private sector lenders are unable or unwilling to provide financing.
The two main ones are equity issues, (IPOs or SEOs), but trade credit is also considered external financing as are accounts payable, and taxes owed to the government. External financing is generally thought to be more expensive than internal financing , because the firm often has to pay a transaction cost to obtain it.
Wholesale funding is a method that banks use in addition to core demand deposits to finance operations, make loans, and manage risk. In the United States wholesale funding sources include, but are not limited to, Federal funds, public funds (such as state and local municipalities), U.S. Federal Home Loan Bank advances, the U.S. Federal Reserve's primary credit program, foreign deposits ...