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The system most commonly used to fully document and describe scaling was devised by Johann Gottlob Töpfer. [4] Since varying the diameter of a pipe in direct proportion to its length (which means it varies by a factor of 1:2 per octave) caused the pipes to narrow too rapidly, and keeping the diameter constant (a factor of 1:1 per octave) was ...
Following the patent and release of Harold's Long Scale calculator featuring two knobs on the outside rim in 1914, he designed the Magnum Long Scale calculator in 1927. [6] [7] As the name "Magnum" implies, it was a fairly large device at 4.5 inches in diameter—about 1.5 inches more than Fowler's average non-Magnum-series calculators. [8]
The calculator described above was called "Model No. 1" . [6] Model 2 had scales on the inner cylinder for calculating logs and sines.The "Fuller-Bakewell" model 3 had two scales of angles printed on the inner cylinder to calculate cosine² and sine ⋅ cosine [note 1] for use by engineers and surveyors for tacheometry calculations.
Each iteration of the Sierpinski triangle contains triangles related to the next iteration by a scale factor of 1/2. In affine geometry, uniform scaling (or isotropic scaling [1]) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by a scale factor that is the same in all directions (isotropically).
As 45 nm goes into full production and EUV lithography introduction is delayed, 32 nm and 22 nm are expected to run on existing 193 nm scanners technology. Now, not only are throughput and capabilities concerns resurfacing, but also new computational lithography techniques such as Source Mask Optimization (SMO) is seen as a way to squeeze ...
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A fixed-point representation of a fractional number is essentially an integer that is to be implicitly multiplied by a fixed scaling factor. For example, the value 1.23 can be stored in a variable as the integer value 1230 with implicit scaling factor of 1/1000 (meaning that the last 3 decimal digits are implicitly assumed to be a decimal fraction), and the value 1 230 000 can be represented ...
The scale can be expressed in four ways: in words (a lexical scale), as a ratio, as a fraction and as a graphical (bar) scale. Thus on an architect's drawing one might read 'one centimeter to one meter', 1:100, 1/100, or 1 / 100 . A bar scale would also normally appear on the drawing.