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An ANA test is considered positive if fluorescence is seen at a titre of 1:40/1:80. Higher titres are more clinically significant as low positives (≤1:160) are found in up to 20% of healthy individuals, especially the elderly. Only around 5% of the healthy population have ANA titres of 1:160 or higher. [8] [53]
p-ANCA is associated with several medical conditions: [3] It is fairly specific, but not sensitive for ulcerative colitis, so is not useful as a sole diagnostic test. [4] When measured together with anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), p-ANCA has been estimated to have a specificity of 97% and a sensitivity of 48% in differentiating patients with ulcerative colitis from normal ...
HEp-2 cells provide a greater ability to differentiate patterns of ANA than animal sections, due to the large nuclei and high mitotic rate of the cell line. Upon incubation with serum containing anti-dsDNA antibodies and fluorescent labelled secondary antibodies, homogeneous staining of interphase nuclei and condensed chromosomal staining of ...
Anti-GM1 antibodies are positive in around 80% of cases. MMN will present with asymmetrical motor neuropathy where reflexes are usually preserved (or slightly increased), affecting upper limb more than lower limb.
1+ Incomplete membrane staining that is faint or barely perceptible and within >10% of the invasive tumor cells. [45] 2+ Weak to moderate complete membrane staining observed in >10% of tumor cells. [45] Borderline/Equivocal 3+ Circumferential membrane staining that is complete, intense, and in >10% of tumor cells. [45] HER2 positive
Homogenization (from "homogeneous;" Greek, homogenes: homos, same + genos, kind) [5] is the process of converting two immiscible liquids (i.e. liquids that are not soluble, in all proportions, one in another) into an emulsion [6] (Mixture of two or more liquids that are generally immiscible).
The concept of cone angle is of practical importance in homogeneous catalysis because the size of the ligand affects the reactivity of the attached metal center. In an example, [ 10 ] the selectivity of hydroformylation catalysts is strongly influenced by the size of the coligands.
Tobacco smoking or chewing is the most common causative factor, [29] with more than 80% of persons with leukoplakia having a positive smoking history. [1] Smokers are much more likely to develop leukoplakia than non-smokers. [ 1 ]