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In organized sports, match fixing (also known as game fixing, race fixing, throwing, rigging or more generally sports fixing) is the act of playing or officiating a contest with the intention of achieving a predetermined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law.
The reason for fixing a match includes ensuring a certain team advances or gambling. Match fixing is seen as one of the biggest problems in organized sports and is considered as a major scandal. This article is a list of match fixing incidents and of matches that are widely suspected of having been fixed.
The Council of Europe Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions, better known as the Macolin Convention, is a multilateral treaty that aims to prevent, detect, and punish match fixing in sport. The convention was concluded in Macolin/Magglingen, Switzerland, on 18 September 2014.
A Europol investigation into match-fixing by criminal syndicates published its initial findings in February 2013. Of 380 matches in Europe alleged to be fixed, one took place in England. The match, a UEFA Champions League tie from the "last three or four years", was not named due to "ongoing judicial proceedings". [14] [15]
The issue of match fixing in tennis is an ongoing problem. First reported on by The Sunday Telegraph in 2003, [1] an organisation called the Tennis Integrity Unit was set up in 2008 following an investigation into the problem. [2] In 2011, Daniel Köllerer became the first player to receive a lifetime ban from the sport due to match fixing. [3]
In organized sports, point shaving is a type of match fixing where the perpetrators try to change the final score of a game without the intention of changing who wins. This is typically done by players colluding with gamblers to prevent a team from covering a published point spread, where gamblers bet on the margin of victory.
The issue of match fixing in association football has been described, in 2013, by Chris Eaton, the former Head of Security of FIFA (the sport's world governing body), as a "crisis", [1] while UEFA's president Michel Platini has said that if it continues, "football is dead". [2]
The first match arranged to be fixed was a friendly between Lazio and Palermo on 1 November 1979, which ended in a draw as planned. However, many of the games did not end as planned, and Trinca and Cruciani reportedly lost over 100 million lire by February 1980 (worth around US$117,000 in 1980 dollars or over US$400,000 in 2022).