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Differential unit for a rear-wheel drive car, built by ZF c. 2004 Differential gears (in yellow) in a punched tape reader, built by Tally c. 1962 A differential is a gear train with three drive shafts that has the property that the rotational speed of one shaft is the average of the speeds of the others.
A common example is a vehicle’s cruise control system. When a vehicle encounters a hill, its speed may decrease due to constant engine power. The PID controller adjusts the engine's power output to restore the vehicle to its desired speed, doing so efficiently with minimal delay and overshoot.
Transfer functions for components are used to design and analyze systems assembled from components, particularly using the block diagram technique, in electronics and control theory. Dimensions and units of the transfer function model the output response of the device for a range of possible inputs.
For example, operational amplifiers have a specified power supply rejection ratio that indicates how well the output can reject signals that appear on the power supply inputs. Power supply inputs are often noisy in large designs because the power supply is used by nearly every component in the design, and inductance effects prevent current from ...
A time–distance diagram is a chart with two axes: one for time, the other for location. The units on either axis depend on the type of project: time can be expressed in minutes (for overnight construction of railroad modification projects such as the installation of switches) or years (for large construction projects); the location can be (kilo)meters, or other distinct units (such as ...
Block diagram illustrating the superposition principle and time invariance for a deterministic continuous-time single-input single-output system. The system satisfies the superposition principle and is time-invariant if and only if y 3 (t) = a 1 y 1 (t – t 0) + a 2 y 2 (t – t 0) for all time t, for all real constants a 1, a 2, t 0 and for all inputs x 1 (t), x 2 (t). [1]
In finite-element analysis, the essential or Dirichlet boundary condition is defined by weighted-integral form of a differential equation. [2] The dependent unknown u in the same form as the weight function w appearing in the boundary expression is termed a primary variable , and its specification constitutes the essential or Dirichlet boundary ...
In 3 dimensions, a differential 0-form is a real-valued function (,,); a differential 1-form is the following expression, where the coefficients are functions: + +; a differential 2-form is the formal sum, again with function coefficients: + +; and a differential 3-form is defined by a single term with one function as coefficient: .